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Ethics: One important issue is whether morality is relative to individuals/societies or objective and therefore universal. It is no secret that the dominant view in the West is that morality, as well as truth, is relative. There is no truth or moral truth that is true for all people. While evangelical/Reformed Christians refer to the Bible as truth provided by God in propositional form, many philosophers have also affirmed the existence of objective and absolute moral truth. Interestingly, the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle listed the following attitudes and behaviors that in his view are morally wrong at all times: “spite, shamelessness, envy . . . adultery, theft, homocide.” About these, Aristotle claims that unlike other attitudes and actions, they do not “admit of a mean.” For Aristotle, a virtue and a virtuous act is a mean between two extremes (excess and deficiency), both of which are evil. Yet, he says about these attitudes and actions that there is no mean in relation to them. In other words, they are always morally wrong. There is no way, in his words, to commit adultery “with the right woman, at the right time, or in the right way.” Adultery is always morally wrong; it can never be a virtuous act. This is a great example of a philosopher that affirmed the existence of moral absolutes.
BJ Condrey, Ph.D. 