Dr. BJ Condrey

One of the joys of teaching philosophy and ethics at universities—whether online or in person—is guiding students through the challenging process of unpacking complex ideas. Among the most thought-provoking is the distinction between Psychological Egoism and Ethical Egoism. Psychological Egoism is a descriptive theory claiming that all human actions are ultimately motivated by self-interest, even when they seem altruistic. Ethical Egoism, by contrast, is a normative theory that argues we ought to act in our own self-interest because it is morally right. These theories challenge us to think about the difference between selfishness and self-interest in ways that can reshape how we approach decisions in daily life.

Understanding this distinction is vital because acting selfishly prioritizes one’s own desires at the expense of others, often ignoring or harming their well-being. Acting in one’s self-interest, however, involves pursuing what is best for yourself while still considering and respecting others. For example, practicing self-care may mean saying no to certain demands, but it allows you to contribute meaningfully to others in the long run. As Kant emphasized, the goal is not to avoid treating others as means—since we all rely on others—but to avoid treating them merely as means, while honoring their dignity and worth.

Consider the decision to pursue a graduate degree while working full-time. Acting selfishly might mean enrolling in the program without consulting your employer, colleagues, or family, expecting them to adjust to your new schedule and responsibilities without considering their needs.

Acting in your self-interest, however, could involve pursuing the degree in a way that balances your goals with respect for others. For example, you could discuss your plans with your employer to ensure your work commitments remain manageable or seek flexible arrangements. You might also talk with your family, explaining why this step is important for your personal and professional growth, while working together to adjust household responsibilities.

This approach prioritizes your development while also considering how your decision impacts those around you, allowing you to pursue your goals without disregarding others’ needs. It’s a clear example of how acting in self-interest can differ from selfishness, emphasizing thoughtful, ethical decision-making.

Being able to make this distinction between acting selfishly and acting in our own self-interest is a mature skill that can help us navigate moral decisions, relationships, church life, and the workforce. It is worth thinking about.